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golang的信号量的实现原理

武飞扬头像
raoxiaoya
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概述

我们前面讲过 操作系统的信号量,以及 golang中的Mutex原理解析,就抛出了一个问题,操作系统的信号量的管理对象是线程,而 Mutex 中使用的信号量是针对协程的,那么这就意味着golang需要重新实现一套基于协程的信号量,随着对golang源码的研究,我发现golang的 runtime 就像一个微型的操作系统,功能非常强大。

go version go1.18.3 windows/amd64

// src/runtime/sema.go

// Semaphore implementation exposed to Go.
// Intended use is provide a sleep and wakeup
// primitive that can be used in the contended case
// of other synchronization primitives.
// Thus it targets the same goal as Linux's futex,
// but it has much simpler semantics.
//
// That is, don't think of these as semaphores.
// Think of them as a way to implement sleep and wakeup
// such that every sleep is paired with a single wakeup,
// even if, due to races, the wakeup happens before the sleep.
//
// See Mullender and Cox, ``Semaphores in Plan 9,''
// https://swtch.com/semaphore.pdf
学新通

具体的用法是提供 sleep 和 wakeup 原语
以使其能够在其它同步原语中的竞争情况下使用
因此这里的 semaphore 和 Linux 中的 futex 目标是一致的
只不过语义上更简单一些

也就是说,不要认为这些是信号量
把这里的东西看作 sleep 和 wakeup 实现的一种方式
每一个 sleep 都会和一个 wakeup 配对
即使在发生 race 时,wakeup 在 sleep 之前时也是如此

上面提到了和futex作用一样,关于futex

futex(快速用户区互斥的简称)是一个在Linux上实现锁定和构建高级抽象锁如信号量和POSIX互斥的基本工具。

Futex 由一块能够被多个进程共享的内存空间(一个对齐后的整型变量)组成;这个整型变量的值能够通过汇编语言调用CPU提供的原子操作指令来增加或减少,并且一个进程可以等待直到那个值变成正数。Futex 的操作几乎全部在用户空间完成;只有当操作结果不一致从而需要仲裁时,才需要进入操作系统内核空间执行。这种机制允许使用 futex 的锁定原语有非常高的执行效率:由于绝大多数的操作并不需要在多个进程之间进行仲裁,所以绝大多数操作都可以在应用程序空间执行,而不需要使用(相对高代价的)内核系统调用。

go中的semaphore作用和futex目标一样,提供sleepwakeup原语,使其能够在其它同步原语中的竞争情况下使用。当一个goroutine需要休眠时,将其进行集中存放,当需要wakeup时,再将其取出,重新放入调度器中。

主要源码

// src/sync/runtime.go

// SemacquireMutex is like Semacquire, but for profiling contended Mutexes.
// If lifo is true, queue waiter at the head of wait queue.
// skipframes is the number of frames to omit during tracing, counting from
// runtime_SemacquireMutex's caller.
func runtime_SemacquireMutex(s *uint32, lifo bool, skipframes int)

// ----------------------------------------------------------------

// src/runtime/sema.go

type semaRoot struct {
	lock  mutex
	treap *sudog // root of balanced tree of unique waiters.
	nwait uint32 // Number of waiters. Read w/o the lock.
}

// Prime to not correlate with any user patterns.
const semTabSize = 251

var semtable [semTabSize]struct {
	root semaRoot
	pad  [cpu.CacheLinePadSize - unsafe.Sizeof(semaRoot{})]byte
}

//go:linkname sync_runtime_SemacquireMutex sync.runtime_SemacquireMutex
func sync_runtime_SemacquireMutex(addr *uint32, lifo bool, skipframes int) {
	semacquire1(addr, lifo, semaBlockProfile|semaMutexProfile, skipframes)
}

func semacquire1(addr *uint32, lifo bool, profile semaProfileFlags, skipframes int) {
	// 获取当前协程
    gp := getg()
	if gp != gp.m.curg {
		throw("semacquire not on the G stack")
	}

	// Easy case.
	if cansemacquire(addr) {
		return
	}

	// Harder case:
	//	increment waiter count
	//	try cansemacquire one more time, return if succeeded
	//	enqueue itself as a waiter
	//	sleep
	//	(waiter descriptor is dequeued by signaler)
	s := acquireSudog()
	root := semroot(addr)
	t0 := int64(0)
	s.releasetime = 0
	s.acquiretime = 0
	s.ticket = 0
	if profile&semaBlockProfile != 0 && blockprofilerate > 0 {
		t0 = cputicks()
		s.releasetime = -1
	}
	if profile&semaMutexProfile != 0 && mutexprofilerate > 0 {
		if t0 == 0 {
			t0 = cputicks()
		}
		s.acquiretime = t0
	}
	for {
		lockWithRank(&root.lock, lockRankRoot)
		// Add ourselves to nwait to disable "easy case" in semrelease.
		atomic.Xadd(&root.nwait, 1)
		// Check cansemacquire to avoid missed wakeup.
		if cansemacquire(addr) {
			atomic.Xadd(&root.nwait, -1)
			unlock(&root.lock)
			break
		}
		// Any semrelease after the cansemacquire knows we're waiting
		// (we set nwait above), so go to sleep.
		root.queue(addr, s, lifo)
		goparkunlock(&root.lock, waitReasonSemacquire, traceEvGoBlockSync, 4 skipframes)
		if s.ticket != 0 || cansemacquire(addr) {
			break
		}
	}
	if s.releasetime > 0 {
		blockevent(s.releasetime-t0, 3 skipframes)
	}
	releaseSudog(s)
}

func cansemacquire(addr *uint32) bool {
	for {
		v := atomic.Load(addr)
		if v == 0 {
			return false
		}
		if atomic.Cas(addr, v, v-1) {
			return true
		}
	}
}
学新通

cansemacquire(),此函数通过原子操作来修改和判断信号量的值。此处加载的包是runtime/internal/atomic,对应的函数。

//go:noescape
func Cas(ptr *uint32, old, new uint32) bool

// src/runtime/internal/atomic/atomic_amd64.s

// bool Cas(int32 *val, int32 old, int32 new)
// Atomically:
//	if(*val == old){
//		*val = new;
//		return 1;
//	} else
//		return 0;
TEXT ·Cas(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-17
	MOVQ	ptr 0(FP), BX
	MOVL	old 8(FP), AX
	MOVL	new 12(FP), CX
	LOCK
	CMPXCHGL	CX, 0(BX)
	SETEQ	ret 16(FP)
	RET
学新通

addr 为 uint32 类型,那么atomic.Cas(addr, v, v-1)最低只能将其值修改到0,如果v-1 < 0,那么就会返回 false,并放弃修改,这就实现了比较和修改的原子化。

golang中的信号量没有做初始化,默认值是0,那么在阅读函数cansemacquire()的时候肯定会有疑惑。实际上,在充分理解了 Mutex 和 RWMutex 源码之后才会知道,golang中不对 sema 做初始化,它们的使用规范是先释放信号量,再获取信号量,如果还不理解可以看看golang中的Mutex原理解析

这里的Easy case 和 Harder case就是Fast path 和 slow path,golang源码中对于循环代码块都喜欢这个干。

skipframe 参数是用作trace跟踪性能分析用的,包括releasetimeacquiretime

数据结构

看到这里要先停下来搞清楚semtable, semaRoot, sudug的关系。

addr 为一个信号量的地址,在一个程序中可能存在多个信号量,那么这些 addr 会被放入 semtable 数组中,采用取模的方式,semtable 长度为251,在声明的时候就做了初始化,每一个元素中包含一个 semaRoot,而 semaRoot 中包含一个平衡二叉数结构,用来存储着竞争信号量的协程 sudug。

func semroot(addr *uint32) *semaRoot {
	return &semtable[(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(addr))>>3)%semTabSize].root
}

// sudog represents a g in a wait list, such as for sending/receiving
// on a channel.
//
// sudog is necessary because the g ↔ synchronization object relation
// is many-to-many. A g can be on many wait lists, so there may be
// many sudogs for one g; and many gs may be waiting on the same
// synchronization object, so there may be many sudogs for one object.
//
// sudogs are allocated from a special pool. Use acquireSudog and
// releaseSudog to allocate and free them.
type sudog struct {
	// The following fields are protected by the hchan.lock of the
	// channel this sudog is blocking on. shrinkstack depends on
	// this for sudogs involved in channel ops.

	g *g

	next *sudog
	prev *sudog
	elem unsafe.Pointer // data element (may point to stack)

	// The following fields are never accessed concurrently.
	// For channels, waitlink is only accessed by g.
	// For semaphores, all fields (including the ones above)
	// are only accessed when holding a semaRoot lock.

	acquiretime int64
	releasetime int64
	ticket      uint32

	// isSelect indicates g is participating in a select, so
	// g.selectDone must be CAS'd to win the wake-up race.
	isSelect bool

	// success indicates whether communication over channel c
	// succeeded. It is true if the goroutine was awoken because a
	// value was delivered over channel c, and false if awoken
	// because c was closed.
	success bool

	parent   *sudog // semaRoot binary tree
	waitlink *sudog // g.waiting list or semaRoot
	waittail *sudog // semaRoot
	c        *hchan // channel
}
学新通

学新通

取模的过程肯定会存在冲突,类似于哈希冲突,因此不同的 addr 可能会被定位到同一个 semaRoot,那么在操作 semaRoot 的时候依然还需要带上 addr 参数,并将 addr 参数填充到 sudug 的 elem 字段,比如root.queue(addr) 和 root.dequeue(addr)操作。

lifo为后进先出模式,fifo为先进先出。

sudug 的结构比较丰富,即可以通过它来构造一个平衡二叉树(parent, prev, next),又可以构造一个单向链表(waitlink, waittail),并且可以同时存在。二叉树的查找是为了满足多个 addr 通过取模后落到了同一个位置,提高查询效率,二叉树的每一个节点都意味着不同的 addr,所以相同的 addr 进来之后发现在二叉树上存在这个 addr 的节点,那么就会作为单向链表节点挂在这个节点下面。

学新通

sudug 的waittail都指向链表的最后一个元素。

关于sleep和wakeup协程

与线程的挂起和唤醒原理类似,在前面成功的将协程加入到 semaRoot 之后,只需要将协程的状态设置为 Gwaiting 就可以实现挂起,而唤醒的过程是将其移出 semaRoot ,修改状态,加入到就绪队列。

// src/runtime/sema.go
func readyWithTime(s *sudog, traceskip int) {
	if s.releasetime != 0 {
		s.releasetime = cputicks()
	}
	goready(s.g, traceskip)
}

// src/runtime/proc.go

// Puts the current goroutine into a waiting state and unlocks the lock.
// The goroutine can be made runnable again by calling goready(gp).
func goparkunlock(lock *mutex, reason waitReason, traceEv byte, traceskip int) {
	gopark(parkunlock_c, unsafe.Pointer(lock), reason, traceEv, traceskip)
}

func goready(gp *g, traceskip int) {
	systemstack(func() {
		ready(gp, traceskip, true)
	})
}
学新通
// Gosched yields the processor, allowing other goroutines to run. It does not
// suspend the current goroutine, so execution resumes automatically.
func Gosched() {
	checkTimeouts()
	mcall(gosched_m)
}

// goyield is like Gosched, but it:
// - emits a GoPreempt trace event instead of a GoSched trace event
// - puts the current G on the runq of the current P instead of the globrunq
func goyield() {
	checkTimeouts()
	mcall(goyield_m)
}

readyWithTime() 把 sudog 对应的 g 唤醒,并且放到P本地队列的下一个执行位置。

goyield()是调度控制,让出执行权,并放到P本地队列的的队尾,并不会挂起。

runtime.Gosched()是调度控制,让出执行权,并放到全局队列的的队尾,并不会挂起。

关于lock

在对二叉树做操作的时候肯定是要加锁的,显然这个锁是要加在 semaRoot 上的,而采用 semtable 分散化在一定程度上可以降低锁的粒度。

golang通过 sema 来实现 sync.Mutex,然后在实现 sema 的时候又用了 mutex,那么这里的 mutex 是什么呢?

相关函数

// Mutual exclusion locks.  In the uncontended case,
// as fast as spin locks (just a few user-level instructions),
// but on the contention path they sleep in the kernel.
// A zeroed Mutex is unlocked (no need to initialize each lock).
// Initialization is helpful for static lock ranking, but not required.
type mutex struct {
	// Empty struct if lock ranking is disabled, otherwise includes the lock rank
	lockRankStruct
	// Futex-based impl treats it as uint32 key,
	// while sema-based impl as M* waitm.
	// Used to be a union, but unions break precise GC.
	key uintptr
}

goparkunlock(&root.lock, waitReasonSemacquire, traceEvGoBlockSync, 4 skipframes)
lockWithRank(&root.lock, lockRankRoot)
unlock(&root.lock)
学新通
// src/runtime/lock_sema.go

func lock2(l *mutex) {
	gp := getg()
	if gp.m.locks < 0 {
		throw("runtime·lock: lock count")
	}
	gp.m.locks  

	// Speculative grab for lock.
	if atomic.Casuintptr(&l.key, 0, locked) {
		return
	}
	semacreate(gp.m)

	// On uniprocessor's, no point spinning.
	// On multiprocessors, spin for ACTIVE_SPIN attempts.
	spin := 0
	if ncpu > 1 {
		spin = active_spin
	}
Loop:
	for i := 0; ; i   {
		v := atomic.Loaduintptr(&l.key)
		if v&locked == 0 {
			// Unlocked. Try to lock.
			if atomic.Casuintptr(&l.key, v, v|locked) {
				return
			}
			i = 0
		}
		if i < spin {
			procyield(active_spin_cnt)
		} else if i < spin passive_spin {
			osyield()
		} else {
			// Someone else has it.
			// l->waitm points to a linked list of M's waiting
			// for this lock, chained through m->nextwaitm.
			// Queue this M.
			for {
				gp.m.nextwaitm = muintptr(v &^ locked)
				if atomic.Casuintptr(&l.key, v, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(gp.m))|locked) {
					break
				}
				v = atomic.Loaduintptr(&l.key)
				if v&locked == 0 {
					continue Loop
				}
			}
			if v&locked != 0 {
				// Queued. Wait.
				semasleep(-1)
				i = 0
			}
		}
	}
}

//go:nowritebarrier
// We might not be holding a p in this code.
func unlock2(l *mutex) {
	gp := getg()
	var mp *m
	for {
		v := atomic.Loaduintptr(&l.key)
		if v == locked {
			if atomic.Casuintptr(&l.key, locked, 0) {
				break
			}
		} else {
			// Other M's are waiting for the lock.
			// Dequeue an M.
			mp = muintptr(v &^ locked).ptr()
			if atomic.Casuintptr(&l.key, v, uintptr(mp.nextwaitm)) {
				// Dequeued an M.  Wake it.
				semawakeup(mp)
				break
			}
		}
	}
	gp.m.locks--
	if gp.m.locks < 0 {
		throw("runtime·unlock: lock count")
	}
	if gp.m.locks == 0 && gp.preempt { // restore the preemption request in case we've cleared it in newstack
		gp.stackguard0 = stackPreempt
	}
}
学新通

golang中能同时并行执行的G的个数其实就是逻辑CPU的个数,也就是GMP模型中的M个数,此时每一个M上正在运行一个G,而这些G同时都在抢 mutex 来操作二叉树,通过源码可以大致判断出,此处是直接对M加的锁,通过atomic.Casuintptr(&l.key, 0, 1)来限制只能是第一个G能操作成功,从而能获得锁,其他的G则要继续往下走,先是自旋一定次数获取锁,还是不行的话就调用操作系统的信号量来对线程M进行阻塞,自然G也就没法执行了,要知道,这个锁只发生在对二叉树的操作前后,时间很短,当然如果要抢锁的G过多肯定会造成M被锁的时间变长。

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