响应式编程:Spring Webflux
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一 、响应式编程
响应式编程（reactive programming）是一种基于数据流（data stream）和变化传递（propagation of change）的声明式（declarative）的编程范式
（1）数据流
将要处理的数据抽象成流
通用的流式处理：
生产者产生数据，对数据进行中间处理，消费者拿到数据消费。
（2）变化传递
● 在命令式编程(我们的日常编程模式)下，式子a=b c，这就意味着a的值是由b和c计算出来的。如果b或者c后续有变化，不会影响到a的值。
● 在响应式编程下，式子a:=b c，这就意味着a的值是由b和c计算出来的。但如果b或者c的值后续有变化，会影响到a的值。
（3）声明式
通过API来处理数据流中的数据。
适用场景：异步非阻塞。响应式系统具有某些特性，使其成为低延迟、高吞吐量工作负载的理想选择。
比如：
一个日志监控系统，我们的前端页面将不再需要通过“命令式”的轮询的方式不断向服务器请求数据然后进行更新，而是在建立好通道之后，数据流从系统源源不断流向页面，从而展现实时的指标变化曲线；
一个社交平台，朋友的动态、点赞和留言不是手动刷出来的，而是当后台数据变化的时候自动体现到界面上的。
二 、响应式流
响应式流(Reactive Streams)通过定义一组实体，接口和互操作方法，给出了实现异步非阻塞背压的标准。第三方遵循这个标准来实现具体的解决方案，常见的有Reactor，RxJava，Akka Streams，Ratpack等。
常见的响应流库简介
（1）JDK9响应式流：
Publisher：发布者，数据来源，又称生产者。
Subscriber：订阅者，数据目的地，又称消费者。
Processor：发布者和订阅者之间处理数据。
（2）Reactor响应式流库
发布者：Mono（返回0或1个元素）、Flux（返回0~n个元素）。
订阅者：Spring框架来完成。
背压：
Backpressure
在异步场景中，被观察者发送事件的速度远远快于观察者的处理速度情况下，一种告知上游的被观察者降低发送速度的策略。
生产者和消费者模式下，如果生产者生产的消费多了，消费者消费不过来，就容易被压垮了。
借助背压，消费者可以告诉生产者自己需要多少量的数据。
响应式流=异步非阻塞 流量控制。
三、Spring WebFlux
Spring提供了两条并行的技术栈，一条是基于Servlet API的Spring MVC和Spring Data，另一个条是完整的响应式栈，包括Spring WebFlux和Spring Data’s reactive repositories。
SpringBoot提供了自动配置的Spring Webflux，简化了响应式web应用的开发。
1、整合Webflux
pom引入依赖：
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webflux</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.projectreactor</groupId>
<artifactId>reactor-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
启动类添加@EnableWebFlux。
两种方式：
（1）基于注解
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class MyController {
@GetMapping("/list")
public Flux<User> getList(){
return Flux.fromIterable(list.stream().filter(k->{
return k.getId()>3;
}).collect(Collectors.toList()));
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public Mono<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long userId) {
return this.userRepository.findById(userId);
}
}
（2）函数式
使用handler代替controller，做流的处理。
引入路由，类似SpringMVC中的@RequestMapping。
@Component
public class UserHandler {
@Resource
UserServiceImpl userService;
public Mono<ServerResponse> getList(ServerRequest serverRequest){
Flux<User> userFlux=userService.getList();
return ServerResponse.ok().body(userFlux, User.class);
}
}
@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class UserRouting {
@Bean
public RouterFunction<ServerResponse> monoRouterFunction(UserHandler userHandler){
return RouterFunctions
.route(GET("/user/list"),userHandler::getList)
.andRoute(GET("/hello").and(accept(TEXT_PLAIN)),userHandler::hello)
.andRoute(GET("/hello/stream").and(accept(APPLICATION_STREAM_JSON)),userHandler::helloStream);
}
}
启动后，可以看到使用的是内置的netty。
访问http://localhost:20001/user/list 即可。
@GetMapping("list/getStringSleep")
public Mono<String> getStringSleep() {
log.info("invoke start");
Mono<String> s=Mono.fromSupplier(()->createStr());
log.info("invoke end");
return s;
}
private String createStr() {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
System.out.println("sleep");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
return "some string";
}
先执行invoke start invoke end 再执行异步流处理中的sleep日志。
2022-02-18 13:47:26.364 INFO 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] com.example.controller.MyController : invoke start
2022-02-18 13:47:26.366 INFO 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] com.example.controller.MyController : invoke end
2022-02-18 13:47:26.369 DEBUG 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.w.r.r.m.a.ResponseBodyResultHandler : [fceca854-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] Using 'text/html' given [text/html, application/xhtml xml, image/avif, image/webp, image/apng, application/xml;q=0.9, application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9, */*;q=0.8] and supported [text/plain;charset=UTF-8, text/event-stream, text/plain;charset=UTF-8, */*]
2022-02-18 13:47:26.369 DEBUG 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.w.r.r.m.a.ResponseBodyResultHandler : [fceca854-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] 0..1 [java.lang.String]
sleep
2022-02-18 13:47:31.375 TRACE 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.core.codec.CharSequenceEncoder : [fceca854-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] Writing "some string"
2022-02-18 13:47:31.376 DEBUG 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [fceca854-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] Decreasing pending responses, now 0
2022-02-18 13:47:31.377 DEBUG 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [fceca854-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] Last HTTP packet was sent, terminating the channel
2022-02-18 13:47:31.377 TRACE 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.w.s.adapter.HttpWebHandlerAdapter : [fceca854-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] Completed 200 OK, headers={masked}
2022-02-18 13:47:31.377 TRACE 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.h.s.r.ReactorHttpHandlerAdapter : [fceca854-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] Handling completed
2022-02-18 13:47:31.377 DEBUG 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [fceca854-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] Last HTTP response frame
2022-02-18 13:47:31.378 TRACE 61992 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] reactor.netty.channel.ChannelOperations : [fceca854, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:53707] Disposing ChannelOperation from a channel
2、事件推送
Server-Sent Event(SSEs)
@GetMapping(value = "push",produces = MediaType.TEXT_EVENT_STREAM_VALUE)
public Flux<String> push() {
log.info("push start");
Flux<String> result= Flux.fromStream(IntStream.range(1,5).mapToObj(i->{
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
return "push data--" i;
}));
log.info("push end");
return result;
}
在浏览器中执行http://localhost:8080/demo/push，在服务器终端可以看到日志，已经执行完成。但此时页面上的推送还在进行中。
从浏览器的监控可以看到，浏览器接收的是一个事件流 EventStream。
3、实现背压
WebFlux中可以用limitRate()设置背压的限制参数。
测试代码：
其中list为内存中构造的数据集合，此处忽略。
//不使用背压
@GetMapping(value = "list")
public Flux<User> getList() {
log.info("invoke start");
Flux<User> user=Flux.fromStream(list.stream());
log.info("invoke end");
return user;
}
//使用背压
@GetMapping(value = "list/setLimit",produces = MediaType.TEXT_EVENT_STREAM_VALUE)
public Flux<User> getListLimit() {
log.info("invoke start");
Flux<User> user=Flux.fromStream(list.stream()).limitRate(2);
log.info("invoke end");
return user;
}
对比使用背压和不适用背压：
● 接口的总耗时
● 详细耗时
使用背压：
不使用背压：
浏览器接收的数据格式略有差异：
不使用背压：
[{“id”:0,“name”:“user0”},{“id”:1,“name”:“user1”},{“id”:2,“name”:“user2”},{“id”:3,“name”:“user3”},{“id”:4,“name”:“user4”},{“id”:5,“name”:“user5”}]
使用背压：
data:{“id”:0,“name”:“user0”}
data:{“id”:1,“name”:“user1”}
data:{“id”:2,“name”:“user2”}
data:{“id”:3,“name”:“user3”}
data:{“id”:4,“name”:“user4”}
data:{“id”:5,“name”:“user5”}
四、配置数据源（以mysql为例）
我们最常使用的 JDBC 其实是同步的，而我们使用 WebFlux 是为了通过异步的方式来提高服务端的响应效率，WebFlux 虽然实现了异步，但是由于 JDBC 还是同步的，而大部分应用都是离不开数据库的，所以其实效率本质上还是没有提升。
常见的异步JDBC有：ADAB、R2DBC。
下面以R2DBC为例，介绍webflux配置mysql。
1、CRUD
● pom引入
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-r2dbc</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>dev.miku</groupId>
<artifactId>r2dbc-mysql</artifactId>
</dependency>
● yaml配置数据源地址
当然，使用java config的方式配置也可以。
spring:
r2dbc:
url: r2dbcs:mysql://localhost:3306/database?sslMode=DISABLED
username:
password:
注意，这里url中的数据库连接协议不在是jdbc，而是r2dbcs
● 操作数据
这里有两种方式，都可以实现。
//方法一：通过ReactiveCrudRepository
//类似DAO
public interface UserRepository extends ReactiveCrudRepository<User,Long> {
}
//在Controller中注入，并使用。
@Resource
UserRepository userRepository;
@GetMapping("/list")
public Flux<User> getListFromDB(){
return userRepository.findAll();
}
//方法二：使用 DatabaseClient
@Resource
DatabaseClient databaseClient;
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public Mono<Map<String,Object>> getDetail(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
return databaseClient.sql("select * from user where id=" id).fetch().one();
}
2、R2DBC
Reactive Relational Database Connectivity，是一个使用响应式驱动集成关系型数据库的孵化器。Spring Data R2DBC运用熟悉的Spring抽象和repository支持R2DBC。
（1）如何体现异步？
测试代码：
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public Mono<Map<String,Object>> getDetail(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
log.info("invoke start");
Mono<Map<String,Object>> map= databaseClient.sql("select * from user where id=" id).fetch().one();
log.info("invoke end");
return map;
}
浏览器请求 http://localhost:20001/demo/1，从下面的日志可以看出，日志中invoke start、invoke end相继执行，后续才建立连接，进行数据库查询操作。
2022-02-11 10:39:36.108 INFO 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] com.example.controller.MyController : invoke start
2022-02-11 10:39:36.108 INFO 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] com.example.controller.MyController : invoke end
2022-02-11 10:39:36.109 DEBUG 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] io.r2dbc.pool.ConnectionPool : Obtaining new connection from the driver
2022-02-11 10:39:36.110 DEBUG 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.r2dbc.core.DefaultDatabaseClient : Executing SQL statement [select * from user where id=1]
2022-02-11 10:39:36.110 TRACE 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.r2dbc.core.DefaultDatabaseClient : Expanded SQL [select * from user where id=1]
2022-02-11 10:39:36.111 DEBUG 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] dev.miku.r2dbc.mysql.MySqlConnection : Create a simple statement provided by text query
2022-02-11 10:39:36.111 DEBUG 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : Request: SimpleQueryMessage{sql=REDACTED}
2022-02-11 10:39:36.112 TRACE 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : [id: 0x42250dba, L:/127.0.0.1:49383 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:3306] READ: 121B
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 01 00 00 01 02 28 00 00 02 03 64 65 66 06 66 61 |.....(....def.fa|
|00000010| 6d 69 6c 79 04 75 73 65 72 04 75 73 65 72 02 69 |mily.user.user.i|
|00000020| 64 02 69 64 0c 3f 00 0b 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 |d.id.?..........|
|00000030| 00 2c 00 00 03 03 64 65 66 06 66 61 6d 69 6c 79 |.,....def.family|
|00000040| 04 75 73 65 72 04 75 73 65 72 04 6e 61 6d 65 04 |.user.user.name.|
|00000050| 6e 61 6d 65 0c 2d 00 90 01 00 00 fd 00 00 00 00 |name.-..........|
|00000060| 00 09 00 00 04 01 31 06 e5 bc a0 e4 b8 89 07 00 |......1.........|
|00000070| 00 05 fe 00 00 22 00 00 00 |....."... |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2022-02-11 10:39:36.113 DEBUG 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.MessageDuplexCodec : Decode context change to DecodeContext-Result
2022-02-11 10:39:36.113 DEBUG 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.m.m.server.MetadataDecodeContext : Respond a metadata bundle by filled-up
2022-02-11 10:39:36.113 DEBUG 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : Response: SyntheticMetadataMessage{completed=false, messages=[DefinitionMetadataMessage{database='family', table='user' (origin:'user'), column='id' (origin:'id'), collationId=63, size=11, type=3, definitions=0, decimals=0}, DefinitionMetadataMessage{database='family', table='user' (origin:'user'), column='name' (origin:'name'), collationId=45, size=400, type=253, definitions=0, decimals=0}], eof=null}
2022-02-11 10:39:36.113 DEBUG 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : Response: RowMessage(encoded)
2022-02-11 10:39:36.113 DEBUG 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.MessageDuplexCodec : Decode context change to DecodeContext-Command
2022-02-11 10:39:36.114 DEBUG 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] io.r2dbc.pool.PooledConnection : Releasing connection
2022-02-11 10:39:36.114 TRACE 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.http.codec.json.Jackson2JsonEncoder : [8cf12dd9-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:49377] Encoding [{id=1, name=张三}]
2022-02-11 10:39:36.115 TRACE 15483 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : [id: 0x42250dba, L:/127.0.0.1:49383 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:3306] READ COMPLETE
2022-02-11 10:39:36.115 DEBUG 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [8cf12dd9-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:49377] Decreasing pending responses, now 0
2022-02-11 10:39:36.116 TRACE 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.w.s.adapter.HttpWebHandlerAdapter : [8cf12dd9-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:49377] Completed 200 OK, headers={masked}
2022-02-11 10:39:36.116 TRACE 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.h.s.r.ReactorHttpHandlerAdapter : [8cf12dd9-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:49377] Handling completed
2022-02-11 10:39:36.116 DEBUG 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [8cf12dd9-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:49377] Last HTTP response frame
2022-02-11 10:39:36.116 DEBUG 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [8cf12dd9-2, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:49377] Last HTTP packet was sent, terminating the channel
2022-02-11 10:39:36.116 TRACE 15483 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] reactor.netty.channel.ChannelOperations : [8cf12dd9, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:49377] Disposing ChannelOperation from a channel
（2）如何使用事务？
非响应式事务：
代码在同一线程上执行，默认同步的方式实现。采用ThreadLocal的方式，保存连接和会话信息。
响应式事务：
代码在不同线程上执行，使用Context来代替ThreadLocal。
类似一个不可变的Map<Object, Object>，采用CopyOnWrite策略，绑定在每一个订阅者上。
两种使用方式：
声明式事务
Spring 5.2后，已经支持响应式事务，可以直接使用@Transactional注解。
@Resource
private DatabaseClient db;
@Override
@Transactional
public Mono<Void> insertRows() {
return db.sql("INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(110, 'aaa')")
.fetch().rowsUpdated()
.then(db.sql("INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(111, 'aaa')")
.then());
}
主要执行日志：
2022-02-14 10:59:06.077 DEBUG 22687 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.r.c.R2dbcTransactionManager : Creating new transaction with name [com.example.service.UserServiceImpl.insertRows]: PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,ISOLATION_DEFAULT
2022-02-14 10:59:06.077 DEBUG 22687 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] io.r2dbc.pool.ConnectionPool : Obtaining new connection from the driver
2022-02-14 10:59:06.078 DEBUG 22687 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.r.c.R2dbcTransactionManager : Acquired Connection [MonoRetry] for R2DBC transaction
2022-02-14 10:59:06.078 DEBUG 22687 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] o.s.r.c.R2dbcTransactionManager : Switching R2DBC Connection [PooledConnection[dev.miku.r2dbc.mysql.MySqlConnection@4f99ad97]] to manual commit
2022-02-14 10:59:06.078 DEBUG 22687 --- [ctor-http-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : Request: SimpleQueryMessage{sql=REDACTED}
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 03 53 45 54 20 61 75 74 6f 63 6f 6d 6d 69 74 3d |.SET autocommit=|
|00000010| 30 |0 |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 03 42 45 47 49 4e |.BEGIN |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2022-02-14 10:59:06.080 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.t.i.TransactionInterceptor : Getting transaction for [com.example.service.UserServiceImpl.insertRows]
2022-02-14 10:59:06.081 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r2dbc.core.DefaultDatabaseClient : Executing SQL statement [INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(110, 'aaa')]
2022-02-14 10:59:06.081 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r2dbc.core.DefaultDatabaseClient : Expanded SQL [INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(110, 'aaa')]
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 03 49 4e 53 45 52 54 20 49 4e 54 4f 20 75 73 65 |.INSERT INTO use|
|00000010| 72 20 28 69 64 2c 6e 61 6d 65 29 20 56 41 4c 55 |r (id,name) VALU|
|00000020| 45 53 28 31 31 30 2c 20 27 61 61 61 27 29 |ES(110, 'aaa') |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2022-02-14 10:59:06.082 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r2dbc.core.DefaultDatabaseClient : Executing SQL statement [INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(111, 'aaa')]
2022-02-14 10:59:06.082 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r2dbc.core.DefaultDatabaseClient : Expanded SQL [INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(111, 'aaa')]
2022-02-14 10:59:06.082 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] dev.miku.r2dbc.mysql.MySqlConnection : Create a simple statement provided by text query
2022-02-14 10:59:06.082 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : Request: SimpleQueryMessage{sql=REDACTED}
2022-02-14 10:59:06.083 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : [id: 0xc62edac7, L:/127.0.0.1:61272 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:3306] WRITE: 46B
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 03 49 4e 53 45 52 54 20 49 4e 54 4f 20 75 73 65 |.INSERT INTO use|
|00000010| 72 20 28 69 64 2c 6e 61 6d 65 29 20 56 41 4c 55 |r (id,name) VALU|
|00000020| 45 53 28 31 31 31 2c 20 27 61 61 61 27 29 |ES(111, 'aaa') |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2022-02-14 10:59:06.083 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.MessageDuplexCodec : Decode context change to DecodeContext-Command
2022-02-14 10:59:06.083 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.t.i.TransactionInterceptor : Completing transaction for [com.example.service.UserServiceImpl.insertRows]
2022-02-14 10:59:06.083 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r.c.R2dbcTransactionManager : Initiating transaction commit
2022-02-14 10:59:06.083 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r.c.R2dbcTransactionManager : Committing R2DBC transaction on Connection [PooledConnection[dev.miku.r2dbc.mysql.MySqlConnection@4f99ad97]]
2022-02-14 10:59:06.083 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : Request: SimpleQueryMessage{sql=REDACTED}
2022-02-14 10:59:06.084 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : [id: 0xc62edac7, L:/127.0.0.1:61272 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:3306] WRITE: 4B
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 07 00 00 00 |.... |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2022-02-14 10:59:06.084 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : [id: 0xc62edac7, L:/127.0.0.1:61272 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:3306] WRITE: 7B
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 03 43 4f 4d 4d 49 54 |.COMMIT |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2022-02-14 10:59:06.098 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : [id: 0xc62edac7, L:/127.0.0.1:61272 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:3306] WRITE: 17B
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 03 53 45 54 20 61 75 74 6f 63 6f 6d 6d 69 74 3d |.SET autocommit=|
|00000010| 31 |1 |
2022-02-14 10:59:06.099 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.MessageDuplexCodec : Decode context change to DecodeContext-Command
2022-02-14 10:59:06.099 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r.c.R2dbcTransactionManager : Releasing R2DBC Connection [PooledConnection[dev.miku.r2dbc.mysql.MySqlConnection@4f99ad97]] after transaction
2022-02-14 10:59:06.099 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] io.r2dbc.pool.PooledConnection : Releasing connection
若执行异常，需要回滚时，日志如下：
2022-02-14 11:10:31.410 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : Response: ErrorMessage{errorCode=1062, sqlState='23000', errorMessage='Duplicate entry '110' for key 'PRIMARY''}
2022-02-14 11:10:31.419 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.t.i.TransactionInterceptor : Completing transaction for [com.example.service.UserServiceImpl.insertRows] after exception: org.springframework.dao.DataIntegrityViolationException: execute; SQL [INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(110, 'aaa')]; Duplicate entry '110' for key 'PRIMARY'; nested exception is io.r2dbc.spi.R2dbcDataIntegrityViolationException: [1062] [23000] Duplicate entry '110' for key 'PRIMARY'
2022-02-14 11:10:31.421 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r.c.R2dbcTransactionManager : Initiating transaction rollback
2022-02-14 11:10:31.421 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] o.s.r.c.R2dbcTransactionManager : Rolling back R2DBC transaction on Connection [PooledConnection[dev.miku.r2dbc.mysql.MySqlConnection@47e30501]]
2022-02-14 11:10:31.421 DEBUG 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : Request: SimpleQueryMessage{sql=REDACTED}
2022-02-14 11:10:31.422 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : [id: 0x55800452, L:/127.0.0.1:61274 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:3306] WRITE: 4B
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 09 00 00 00 |.... |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2022-02-14 11:10:31.422 TRACE 22687 --- [actor-tcp-nio-2] d.m.r.mysql.client.ReactorNettyClient : [id: 0x55800452, L:/127.0.0.1:61274 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:3306] WRITE: 9B
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
|00000000| 03 52 4f 4c 4c 42 41 43 4b |.ROLLBACK |
-------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------
具体源码查看，在TransactionAspectSupport类中。
其中，根据ReactiveTransactionManager接口类型，决定走响应式事务或非响应式事务。下面在编程式事务中提到的R2dbcTransactionManager就实现了ReactiveTransactionManager接口。
protected Object invokeWithinTransaction(Method method, @Nullable Class<?> targetClass, final TransactionAspectSupport.InvocationCallback invocation) throws Throwable {
TransactionAttributeSource tas = this.getTransactionAttributeSource();
TransactionAttribute txAttr = tas != null ? tas.getTransactionAttribute(method, targetClass) : null;
TransactionManager tm = this.determineTransactionManager(txAttr);
if (this.reactiveAdapterRegistry != null && tm instanceof ReactiveTransactionManager) {
boolean isSuspendingFunction = KotlinDetector.isSuspendingFunction(method);
boolean hasSuspendingFlowReturnType = isSuspendingFunction && "kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow".equals((new MethodParameter(method, -1)).getParameterType().getName());
if (isSuspendingFunction && !(invocation instanceof TransactionAspectSupport.CoroutinesInvocationCallback)) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Coroutines invocation not supported: " method);
} else {
TransactionAspectSupport.CoroutinesInvocationCallback corInv = isSuspendingFunction ? (TransactionAspectSupport.CoroutinesInvocationCallback)invocation : null;
TransactionAspectSupport.ReactiveTransactionSupport txSupport = (TransactionAspectSupport.ReactiveTransactionSupport)this.transactionSupportCache.computeIfAbsent(method, (key) -> {
Class<?> reactiveType = isSuspendingFunction ? (hasSuspendingFlowReturnType ? Flux.class : Mono.class) : method.getReturnType();
ReactiveAdapter adapter = this.reactiveAdapterRegistry.getAdapter(reactiveType);
if (adapter == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot apply reactive transaction to non-reactive return type: " method.getReturnType());
} else {
return new TransactionAspectSupport.ReactiveTransactionSupport(adapter);
}
});
TransactionAspectSupport.InvocationCallback callback = invocation;
if (corInv != null) {
callback = () -> {
return CoroutinesUtils.invokeSuspendingFunction(method, corInv.getTarget(), corInv.getArguments());
};
}
Object result = txSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(method, targetClass, callback, txAttr, (ReactiveTransactionManager)tm);
if (corInv != null) {
Publisher<?> pr = (Publisher)result;
return hasSuspendingFlowReturnType ? TransactionAspectSupport.KotlinDelegate.asFlow(pr) : TransactionAspectSupport.KotlinDelegate.awaitSingleOrNull(pr, corInv.getContinuation());
} else {
return result;
}
}
} else {
//略
}
}
编程式事务
与声明式事务相比，编程式事务使用的较少，因为配置相对繁琐。但可以帮助理解执行逻辑。
@Resource
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory;
@Override
public Mono<Void> insertRows() {
ReactiveTransactionManager tm=new R2dbcTransactionManager(connectionFactory);
DatabaseClient db=DatabaseClient.create(connectionFactory);
TransactionalOperator transactionalOperator=TransactionalOperator.create(tm);
return db.sql("INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(119, 'bbb')")
.fetch().rowsUpdated()
.then(db.sql("INSERT INTO user (id,name) VALUES(111, 'aaa')")
.then())
.as(transactionalOperator::transactional);
}
R2dbcTransactionManager：响应式事务管理器。
DatabaseClient：客户端使用R2DBC驱动程序提供对SQL数据库的访问。
TransactionalOperator：事务运算符将所有上游R2DBC发布者与事务上下文相关联。
（3）线程池配置
为了提升数据库的执行效率，减少建立连接的开销，一般数据库连接都会有连接池的概念，同样的r2dbc也有一个叫做r2dbc-pool的连接池。
<dependency>
<groupId>io.r2dbc</groupId>
<artifactId>r2dbc-pool</artifactId>
<version>${version}</version>
</dependency>
五、远程调用
Spring webflux提供WebClient进行远程调用，这里使用webclient做示例，okhttp可以后面作补充。
简单服务
WebClient webClient= WebClient.builder().build();
@GetMapping("/remote/webClient")
public Flux<User> queryByWebclient(){
log.info("invoke start");
Flux<User> list=webClient.get().uri(url).retrieve().bodyToFlux(User.class);
log.info("invoke end");
return list;
}
主要执行流程：
main thread 打印 invoke start invoke end
创建线程池，进行远程调用，初始化pipeline。
连接调用url，建立channel。
接收响应，释放channel。
2022-02-15 13:58:32.231 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] s.w.r.r.m.a.RequestMappingHandlerMapping : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Mapped to com.example.controller.MyController#queryByWebclient()
2022-02-15 13:58:32.231 INFO 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] com.example.controller.MyController : invoke start
2022-02-15 13:58:32.232 INFO 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] com.example.controller.MyController : invoke end
2022-02-15 13:58:32.234 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] o.s.w.r.r.m.a.ResponseBodyResultHandler : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Using 'application/json' given [text/html, application/xhtml xml, image/avif, image/webp, image/apng, application/xml;q=0.9, application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9, */*;q=0.8] and supported [application/json, application/* json, application/x-ndjson, text/event-stream]
2022-02-15 13:58:32.234 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] o.s.w.r.r.m.a.ResponseBodyResultHandler : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] 0..N [com.example.model.User]
2022-02-15 13:58:32.236 TRACE 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] o.s.w.r.f.client.ExchangeFunctions : [6c2270b1] HTTP GET http://localhost:8082/web/test?str=webclient, headers={}
2022-02-15 13:58:32.247 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.resources.PooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444] Created a new pooled channel, now: 0 active connections, 0 inactive connections and 0 pending acquire requests.
2022-02-15 13:58:32.247 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] reactor.netty.transport.TransportConfig : [ae492444] Initialized pipeline DefaultChannelPipeline{(reactor.left.httpCodec = io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpClientCodec), (reactor.left.httpDecompressor = io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpContentDecompressor), (reactor.right.reactiveBridge = reactor.netty.channel.ChannelOperationsHandler)}
2022-02-15 13:58:32.252 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.netty.transport.TransportConnector : [ae492444] Connecting to [localhost/127.0.0.1:8082].
2022-02-15 13:58:32.252 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] Registering 。 release on close event for channel
2022-02-15 13:58:32.252 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.resources.PooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] Channel connected, now: 1 active connections, 0 inactive connections and 0 pending acquire requests.
2022-02-15 13:58:32.252 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] onStateChange(PooledConnection{channel=[id: 0xae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082]}, [connected])
2022-02-15 13:58:32.252 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] onStateChange(GET{uri=/, connection=PooledConnection{channel=[id: 0xae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082]}}, [configured])
2022-02-15 13:58:32.253 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.netty.http.client.HttpClientConnect : [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] Handler is being applied: {uri=http://localhost:8082/web/test?str=webclient, method=GET}
2022-02-15 13:58:32.253 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] onStateChange(GET{uri=/web/test?str=webclient, connection=PooledConnection{channel=[id: 0xae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082]}}, [request_prepared])
2022-02-15 13:58:32.254 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] onStateChange(GET{uri=/web/test?str=webclient, connection=PooledConnection{channel=[id: 0xae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082]}}, [request_sent])
2022-02-15 13:58:33.384 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.http.client.HttpClientOperations : [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] Received response (auto-read:false) : [Date=Tue, 15 Feb 2022 05:58:33 GMT, content-length=0]
2022-02-15 13:58:33.384 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] onStateChange(GET{uri=/web/test?str=webclient, connection=PooledConnection{channel=[id: 0xae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082]}}, [response_received])
2022-02-15 13:58:33.384 TRACE 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] o.s.w.r.f.client.ExchangeFunctions : [6c2270b1] [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] Response 200 OK, headers={masked}
2022-02-15 13:58:33.385 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] reactor.netty.channel.FluxReceive : [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] FluxReceive{pending=0, cancelled=false, inboundDone=false, inboundError=null}: subscribing inbound receiver
2022-02-15 13:58:33.386 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.http.client.HttpClientOperations : [ae492444-1, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] Received last HTTP packet
2022-02-15 13:58:33.387 TRACE 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] reactor.netty.channel.ChannelOperations : [ae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 -
2022-02-15 13:58:33.432 TRACE 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] o.s.http.codec.json.Jackson2JsonEncoder : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Encoding [[]]
2022-02-15 13:58:33.433 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] onStateChange(GET{uri=/web/test?str=webclient, connection=PooledConnection{channel=[id: 0xae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082]}}, [response_completed])
2022-02-15 13:58:33.434 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] onStateChange(GET{uri=/web/test?str=webclient, connection=PooledConnection{channel=[id: 0xae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082]}}, [disconnecting])
2022-02-15 13:58:33.434 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.r.DefaultPooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] Releasing channel
2022-02-15 13:58:33.434 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.resources.PooledConnectionProvider : [ae492444, L:/127.0.0.1:61048 - R:localhost/127.0.0.1:8082] Channel cleaned, now: 0 active connections, 1 inactive connections and 0 pending acquire requests.
2022-02-15 13:58:33.434 TRACE 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] o.s.w.s.adapter.HttpWebHandlerAdapter : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Completed 200 OK, headers={masked}
2022-02-15 13:58:33.434 TRACE 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] o.s.h.s.r.ReactorHttpHandlerAdapter : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Handling completed
2022-02-15 13:58:33.434 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Last HTTP response frame
2022-02-15 13:58:33.434 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Decreasing pending responses, now 0
2022-02-15 13:58:33.434 DEBUG 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] r.n.http.server.HttpServerOperations : [7a8c56a7-1, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Last HTTP packet was sent, terminating the channel
2022-02-15 13:58:33.435 TRACE 27846 --- [ctor-http-nio-5] reactor.netty.channel.ChannelOperations : [7a8c56a7, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:20001 - R:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:61046] Disposing ChannelOperation from a channel
首次进行远程调用，会创建一个http的客户端线程池，再次发起远程调用时，会直接使用现有线程池。
leasingStrategy：FIFO 先进先出。
evictionInterval：实例销毁的间隔 0s。
maxConnections：最大连接数，500。
maxIdleTime: 最大空闲时间
maxLifeTime: 最大存活时间
metricsEnabled: 是否启用指标
pendingAcquireMaxCount:
pendingAcquireTimeout:
Creating a new [http] client pool [PoolFactory{evictionInterval=PT0S, leasingStrategy=fifo, maxConnections=500, maxIdleTime=-1, maxLifeTime=-1, metricsEnabled=false, pendingAcquireMaxCount=1000, pendingAcquireTimeout=45000}] for [localhost:8082]
Created a new pooled channel, now: 0 active connections, 0 inactive connections and 0 pending acquire requests.
依赖服务
如果两个远程调用方法之间有彼此依赖关系，应该如何使用？比如rpcB需要使用rpcA返回的结果值做处理。
示例：
@GetMapping("/remote/webClient")
public Flux<Integer> queryByWebclient(){
log.info("invoke start");
long start =System.nanoTime();
Flux<Integer> userFlux = userService.getListDependency(0 ).flatMap(k -> userService.getListDependency(k)
);
userFlux.subscribe(k-> System.out.println(" controller time" (System.nanoTime()-start)));
log.info("invoke end");
return userFlux;
}
//远程调用的service
public Flux<Integer> getListDependency(Integer str) {
Flux<Integer> list=webClient.get().uri(url str).retrieve().bodyToFlux(Integer.class);
list.subscribe(k-> System.out.print("service time" new Date()));
return list;
}
六、与Spring MVC的比较
示例
SpringMVC方式
@GetMapping("/list/db")
public Map<String, User> getListFromDB(){
log.info("enter controller");
Map<String, User> listBySpringMVC = userService.getListBySpringMVC();
log.info("end controller");
return listBySpringMVC;
}
@Override
public Map<String,User> getListBySpringMVC() {
log.info("enter service");
//无实际意义，方便打印日志查看。
System.out.println("this is userMap");
log.info("end service");
return userMap;
}
日志执行结果：
WebFlux的响应式处理：
@GetMapping("/list/reactor")
public Flux<User> getListReactor(){
log.info("enter controller");
Flux<User> listFromDB = userService.getListByReactor();
log.info("end controller");
return listFromDB;
}
@Override
public Flux<User> getListByReactor() {
log.info("enter service");
List<User> userList = new ArrayList<>();
Set<Map.Entry<String,User>> entries =userMap.entrySet();
entries.stream().forEach(entry->userList.add(entry.getValue()));
Flux<User> userFlux = Flux.fromStream(() -> createStr(userList));
log.info("end service");
return userFlux;
}
private Stream<User> createStr(List<User> userList) {
try {
System.out.println("start sleep");
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
return userList.stream();
}
执行结果：
小结：
1、WebFlux是异步处理的，SpringMVC是同步的，但也可以实现异步非阻塞。
2、Servlet3.1已经支持异步非阻塞了，但无论是回调或是使用CompletableFuture，代码实现起来会比较复杂。WebFlux提供的API会更加方便。Spring WebFlux在应对高并发的请求时，借助于异步IO，能够以少量而稳定的线程处理更高吞吐量的请求。
七、扩展
应用：
Gateway是基于Webflux实现的，它通过扩展HandlerMapping与WebHandler来处理用户的请求，先通过Predicate定位到Router然后在经过FilterChain的过滤处理，最后定位到下层服务。
熔断：
待补充
附录：
https://r2dbc.io/
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/144258269
https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/web.html#web.reactive
https://juejin.cn/post/6844903999141838855
《Pro Spring MVC with WebFlux Web Development in Spring Framework 5 and Spring Boot 2 by Marten Deinum Iuliana Cosmina (z-lib.org)》
《函数式编程思维》
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